If you know the taxonomy name the plugin uses, you should be able to use the_terms pretty easily. You could basically plop this in between <?php foreach( $images as $image ): ?> and <?php endforeach; ?> where you want the terms to be displayed:
<?php the_terms($image->ID, 'YOUR_TAXONOMY_NAME'); ?>
If you want to get fancy, you could use get_the_terms which offers you a bit more control over how things are displayed.