I can’t really make sense of what you’re trying to do. This code:
apply_filters( 'cc_get_content_preview', get_the_excerpt(), 55 );
Will let developers hook into the cc_get_content_preview hook to change the value that the cc_get_content_preview() function returns. When developers hook into an action or filter, they do so using a callback function. This function will receive any additional arguments passed to apply_filters() as parameters on the callback function.
In you specific function, that would look like this:
function my_callback_function( $a, $b ) {
echo $a; // This will be the value of get_the_excerpt().
echo $b; // This will be the number 55.
}
add_filter( 'cc_get_content_preview', 'my_callback_function', 10, 2 );
But it looks like you’re trying to do something like JavaScript and pass the full function through? That’s not going to work. You can’t put functions into variables and execute them later like you can in JavaScript.