Adding multiple taxonomy filters to functions.php

Try PHP’s in_array.

function sitemap_exclude_taxonomy( $value, $taxonomy ) {
    $excludes = ['scope', 'layout_type', 'foo', 'bar'];
    if ( in_array( $taxonomy, $excludes ) return true;
}

add_filter( 'wpseo_sitemap_exclude_taxonomy', 'sitemap_exclude_taxonomy', 10, 2 );