I am a little confused as to your question. If you know how to create shortcodes with attributes, then I think the answer to your question is to simply output text with the correct attributes predefined.
For example, just add text into your custom column for the appropriate arguments, such as echo “[book id=” . $post->ID . “]”. The shortcode isn’t generated in any permanent way, it’s just a textual representation of the arguments required to display that specific information. In this example your shortcode would extract the ID argument and select the correct post via it’s ID.