Can WordPress admin user + database credentials be used to gain Cpanel or FTP access?

Security of your WP site is more than that (admin user, database password), although that is a good start. I’d

  • create admin-level user that is not named ‘admin’, with a strong password. You could even change the user id so that it’s not #2 (it’s easy enough to enumerate users by id).
  • create a strong password for your database
  • use a different prefix for your database
  • create strong credentials for your hosting place
  • create strong credentials for FTP users (and only use SFTP)
  • remove features (plugins/themes) that you are not using
  • keep everything updates: WP, themes, plugins, PHP
  • use PHP version 7.x+
  • regular backups – off-host
  • htaccess security
  • disable RPC

And that’s probably just the beginning. There are good resources on the WP site (and other reputable sites) for WP security – ask the googles/bings/ducks .