Change logo url based on WP user role

It depends on your theme. Typically themes set the logo href dynamically to the home_url() function or site_url() function.

Any good theme will provide you a filter hook to amend this destination using add_filter, which would return a new url. e.g.

function change_logo_url ($url) {
  $url = "www.changeurlhere.com";
  return $url;
}

add_filter('your_themes_hook', 'change_logo_url');