Not sure about the last time, but you can hijack every shortcode and either call wp_localize_script() here or register an action for wp_footer that runs earlier than the footer script handler.
Let’s say, this is the original:
add_shortcode( 'foo', 'original_function' );
Now you can overwrite it with:
add_shortcode( 'foo', 'new_function' );
function new_function( $atts, $content="", $shortcode_name )
{
wp_localize_script( 'my_handle', $data );
// alternative: register a callback for wp_footer
add_action( 'wp_footer', 'localize_my_script', -2 );
return original_function( $atts, $content="", $shortcode_name );
}
Related, with a longer example: Use AJAX in shortcode
Update in response to your comment
Catching all arguments for the gallery shortcode is even easier:
add_filter( 'post_gallery', 'collect_gallery_args', 10, 2 );
function collect_gallery_args( $empty, $args )
{
// store $args somewhere, then
add_action( 'wp_footer', 'localize_my_script', -2 );
return $empty;
}