Display latest posts using WP Loop with different size divs

I’m not too sure I get the question but here goes nothing: What you could do is wrap you posts loop in a PHP counter or jQuery counter to change the style of the first div at every itteration.

<?php if ( have_posts() ) : ?>

    <?php /* Limit Number of posts returned to 4 !important */ ?>
    <? $numberOfPost = 4;
        $catId = get_query_var('cat');  
        $page = (get_query_var('paged')) ? get_query_var('paged') : 1;
        query_posts('paged='.$page.'&posts_per_page=".$numberOfPost."&cat=".$catId); ?>

    <?php $i = 1; while ( have_posts() ) : the_post(); ?>
        <?php
            /* Include the Post-Format-specific template for the content.
             * If you want to overload this in a child theme then include a file
             * called content-___.php (where ___ is the Post Format name) and that will be used instead.
             */
            if( $i == 1 ){
                get_template_part( "/templates/content-latest', get_post_format() );
            } else {
               **// your other template file.**
            }
        ?>

    <?php $i++; endwhile; ?>

<?php endif; ?>