Display list categories from CTP

On a taxonomy archive it’s fairly straightforward, as you can get the current taxonomy with:

$term_object = get_queried_object();
$taxonomy = $term_object->taxonomy;

On a post type archive it’s a little bit more complicated as you first need to identify the current post type, and then retrieve the taxonomy/taxonomies attached to that post type:

$post_type_object = get_queried_object();
$taxonomies = get_object_taxonomies( $post_type_object->name );

if ( ! empty( $taxonomies ) ) {
    $taxonomy = $taxonomies[0];
}

So you’ll need to combine these methods with a check for what you’re viewing to get the list of terms in either the current taxonomy or related to the current post type:

$taxonomy = null;

if ( is_tax() ) {
    $term_object = get_queried_object();
    $taxonomy = $term_object->taxonomy;
} elseif ( is_post_type_archive() ) {
    $post_type_object = get_queried_object();
    $taxonomies = get_object_taxonomies( $post_type_object->name );

    $taxonomies = array_filter( $taxonomies, function( $taxonomy_name ) {
        return get_taxonomy( $taxonomy_name )->public;
    } );

    if ( ! empty( $taxonomies ) ) {
        $taxonomy = $taxonomies[0];
    }
}

if ( $taxonomy ) {
    wp_list_categories( array(
        'show_option_all' => 'wszystkie',
        'taxonomy'        => $taxonomy,
        'style'           => 'none',
        'separator'       => '',
    ) );
}

EDIT: I have added this to the post type archive version of the code to filter out any non-public taxonomies attached to the post type:

$taxonomies = array_filter( $taxonomies, function( $taxonomy_name ) {
    return get_taxonomy( $taxonomy_name )->public;
} );