Short answer, no.
But that is a pretty cool feature!
To so something similar in WordPress, you’d need to code some kind of iterator in PHP and have it do the logic for you. For example:
$classes = array( 'first', 'second', 'third' );
$iteration = 0;
if ( have_posts() ) : while ( have_posts() ) : the_post();
$iteration = $iteration >= count($classes) ? 0 : $iteration;
$class = $classes[$iteration];
?>
<div class="<?php echo $class; ?>">
<!-- Whatever other stuff you need to do -->
</div>
<?php
$iteration++;
endwhile; endif;