Use a different handle for your stylesheet, maybe shortcodes-child
and set the parent handle as dependency:
wp_register_style(
'shortcodes-child',
get_stylesheet_directory_uri() . '/stylesheets/shortcodes.css',
array( 'shortcodes' ),
'1.0',
'all'
);
wp_enqueue_style( 'shortcodes-child' );
The file name of your stylesheet and the enqueue handle can be different.