Enqueue stylesheets with the same name

Use a different handle for your stylesheet, maybe shortcodes-child and set the parent handle as dependency:

wp_register_style( 
    'shortcodes-child', 
    get_stylesheet_directory_uri() . '/stylesheets/shortcodes.css', 
    array( 'shortcodes' ), 
    '1.0', 
    'all' 
);
wp_enqueue_style( 'shortcodes-child' ); 

The file name of your stylesheet and the enqueue handle can be different.