get the_content by ID and save the result to one array

You can use get_the_content() to fetch the post content, e.g.:

$content = get_the_content( $post_id );

Then you can pass it through the_content filter and json encode

However, based on your comments, it looks like you’re creating an endpoint for AJAX calls that returns post content. Don’t bother! WordPress comes with one out of the box!

e.g.

https://tomjn.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/848

The response has a content field and even contains a rendered version that contains a fully rendered post as you desired.

You don’t need to do anything to get this, it’s already on your site at /wp-json