How can I change archive.php posts display?

It depends on how your archives.php is designed.

You can use built-in wp_get_archives() function to get posts for last 12 months:

<?php
wp_get_archives(
    array(
        'type' => 'monthly',
        'limit' => 12
    )
);

as described in the Codex.

Or you can modify the WP_Query using 'date_query' parameter:

<?php
$args = array(
    'date_query' => array(
        array(
            'after'     => strtotime("-1 year"), // a year before
            'before'    => strtotime("now");, // now
            'inclusive' => true, // false to exclude first and last day
        )
    )
);
$query = new WP_Query( $args );

as also described there.