How can i simulate “taxonomy__in” in query?

You can’t, because of the way categories and general taxonomies operate. Categories are a type of taxonomy, so we are querying one level lower when querying for categories. When you query for category__in => array() it actually looks up what category_terms are queried and queries posts from all those categories. Now this effect we can mimic.

$terms_in = array(23,34,45,56);
$taxonomy_terms = get_terms( array( 'city' ), array(
    'orderby' => 'none',
    'hide_empty' => 1,
    'include' => $terms_in
) );

foreach ( $taxonomy_terms as $term ) :
    $args = array(
        'taxonomy' => $term->slug,
        'post_status' => 'publish',
        'posts_per_page' => -1,
    );

    $term_name = $term->slug;
    $query = new WP_Query( $args );
    while( $query->has_posts() ) : 
        $query->the_post();
        // DISPLAY HERE
    endwhile;

endforeach;

wp_reset_postdata();

The code above was edited for your specific question.