How can I use get header from within my plugin?

I’ve created a rewrite do redirect like:

/mylisting/909  ->/wp-content/themes/myplugin/edit.php?id=909

Which seems to make sense as I’m keeping the very specific logic to an individual plugin.

There is a better way: Create an endpoint, use your code in a callback handler for the new URL. You get the whole theme environment for free here: get_header(), sidebars, menus etc.
Do not forget to call exit; at the end of your endpoint, othrwise WordPress will use the theme files again. 🙂

The plugin URI is never a good address to edit or create content: It might be on another domain where the cookies are available, and no user is ever logged in.