I would probably start with this plugin or create a custom post/tax type manually:
custom-post-type-ui
Use this to create a custom post type and associated taxonomy for the “parts”.
From there you could build a form with select boxes for each taxonomy (filters) and then a submit button or trigger to get the results. You would end up with a url something like this which would find part for that make,model and year:
/?post_type=parts&make=vw&model=golf&year=2018
There is probably a plugin that does it all, but I tend to build from scratch for max flexibility.