How do I quickly hide a hierarchy of pages from search engines and external users?

Well, your problem is that you use multi-site for translations in the first place.

I strongly suggest Polylang for translations as it’s more reliable and doesn’t require that much maintenance.

In your case I suggest you use Yoast or a SEO plugin that allows you to control the indexing status of your post/cpt or individually per post.
Basically, you just set the meta robots to noindex

<meta name="robots" content="noindex">