See the uuidgen program which is part of the e2fsprogs package.
According to this, libuuid is now part of util-linux and the inclusion in e2fsprogs is being phased out. However, on new Ubuntu systems, uuidgen is now in the uuid-runtime package.
To create a uuid and save it in a variable:
uuid=$(uuidgen)
On my Ubuntu system, the alpha characters are output as lower case and on my OS X system, they are output as upper case (thanks to David for pointing this out in a comment).
To switch to all upper case (after generating it as above):
uuid=${uuid^^}
To switch to all lower case:
uuid=${uuid,,}
If, for example, you have two UUIDs and you want to compare them in Bash, ignoring their case, you can do a tolower() style comparison like this:
if [[ ${uuid1,,} == ${uuid2,,} ]]
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