How to grab posts from the most recently created category

Unfortunately there is no creation date associated with a category, so you have to infer what is the newest by virtue of it having a higher ID. IDs start at 1 and ascend, so newer categories will have higher IDs. With that in mind, we can query for 1 category, with parent equal to 0 (no parent, or top level category only), ordered by ID descending. That will give us 1 top-level category with the highest ID, which should be the newest parent category.

$args = array(
    'orderby' => 'id',
    'order'   => 'DESC',
    'number'  => 1,
    'parent'  => 0,
);
$newest_parent = get_terms( 'category', $args );

You can then use that term in a WP_Query to fetch the articles-

$articles = new WP_Query(
    array(
        'cat' => $newest_parent[0]->term_id,
        'posts_per_page' => -1
    )
);