You can use the Site Editor.
For the TwentyTwentyThree theme, you can find the option to disable the link with the steps below. A different template my require a different path through the template blocks or a child theme as suggested by Jacob Peattie in the Comments.
Single posts
- Navigate to the Site Editor page for the Single template
- Select the List View
- Navigate through these blocks: Group > Post Meta > Group > Columns > Column > Row > Post Date
- Select Post Date
- Using the Block Settings panel disable links using the option Link to post
Archive posts
- Navigate to the Site Editor page for the Archive template
- Select the List View
- Navigate through these blocks: Group > Query Loop > Post Template > Post Date
- Select Post Date
- Using the Block Settings panel disable links using the option Link to post