You have to add <!–nextpage–> in Text mode of editor. If you add it through Visual editor – WP will escape it to HTML:
<!--nextpage-->
and display it literally (instead of pagination):
<!–nextpage–>
So, check your post by switching to Text editor. If nothing isn’t displayed at all when you view the post, this may be a plugin issue. Update your theme to the latest version and disable all plugins temporarily.