Skimming the available WP-CLI commands I guess there is not something like that. You may create a feature request in the WP-CLI GitHub repo but I doubt that this will gain much attention without you explaining the actual necessity of such command.
Normally when developing, you use your IDE to get hold of those information. A good IDE provides you autocompletion, type hints or shortcuts that let you jump into certain core functions.
Naming PhpStorm as an example which has built-in WordPress support it looks like this when I just start to type wp_:
