You will need to create a meta field for users identifying that user when he already uploaded something in that day (or in the last 24 hours).
After you do that, you will need to create a function to trigger in some upload action, like wp_handle_upload_prefilter or wp_handle_upload to check if user can upload something today, returning a error if not.
It can be done, but it will not be simple as putting a single function on your theme.