meta_query array in ‘values’ returns an error

LIKE as a compare value doesn’t make sense with an array. You want compare to be IN. Also, you’ve got an extra set of quotes in the values for no reason:

$meta_query_args = [
    [
        'key'     => 'checkboxes',
        'value'   => ['facebook', 'twitter'],
        'compare' => 'IN',
    ],
];

EDIT: So, according to your comment you’re using ACF, which stores multiple checkboxes as a serialized array. Therefore you need to use multiple LIKE queries on individual strings.

$meta_query_args = [
    'relation' => 'OR',
    [
        'key'     => 'checkboxes',
        'value'   => '"facebook"',
        'compare' => 'LIKE',
    ],
    [
        'key'     => 'checkboxes',
        'value'   => '"twitter"',
        'compare' => 'LIKE',
    ],
];

Your mistake was trying to use an array as a value with LIKE. To query LIKE multiple possible values you need multiple meta queries with the OR relation. The extra quotes are because it’s the only way to really query a specific value within a serialized array.

The meta value for checkboxes if Facebook and Twitter were checked would look something like this:

a:2:{i:0;s:8:"facebook";i:1;s:7:"twitter";}

So when you query LIKE '"facebook" you’re trying to find the value "facebook" within a full value like that. The quotes are to make sure you don’t incorrectly find a value like not_facebook.

If you have a lot of values that you need to query this way then your performance is going to be awful. This is a very inefficient way to store data for this type of query.