Redirect already logged in users away from a page to a specific page base on user role

You can use admin_init to get this done. This hook fires when an admin page is starting to load and you can use it to redirect the user to a different page. Like this:

add_action('admin_init','wpse362882_redirect_login_page');
function wpse362882_redirect_login_page () {
  global $pagenow;
  if ( ($pagenow == 'wp-login.php') && is_user_logged_in() ) {
    .. do some stuff to determine $url to redirect user based on role ..
    wp_redirect($url);
    exit;
    }
  }