Remove “Filter” Button on All Posts in wp-admin

There isn’t a filter or an action in order to prevent this BUT

WordPress adds the post-type slug of the current page post type to the classes in body tag. Also the slug of the page, in your case .edit-php

If you want to do it with css (replace {your_post_type} with your post type)

body.post-type-{your_post_type}.edit-php #post-query-submit{
    display: none!important;
}

ie: for page post type:

body.post-type-page.edit-php #post-query-submit{
    display: none!important;
}

If you want to do it in javascript:

add_action( 'admin_footer', function(){
    echo <<<EOF
<script>
    jQuery(document).ready(function(){
      jQuery('body.post-type-{your_post_type}.edit-php #post-query-submit').remove();
    });
</script>
EOF;

} );

Remember to replace {your_post_type} with the slug of your custom post type.