Remove text from confirmation message

Personally, I would keep that link (despite the page has other links/ways for accessing the post).

But if you must, you can remove that “View post” link, or change the entire message, using the post_updated_messages hook. E.g.

add_filter( 'post_updated_messages', 'my_post_updated_messages' );
function my_post_updated_messages( $messages ) {
    // Note the array index, which is 6 for the "post published" message.
    $messages['post'][6] = 'Post published.';

    return $messages;
}

The above is for the post post type, but is also used as the default for other post types, if $messages['<post type>'][<message number>] is not set. So if you want to target a specific post type other than post, then you can copy the $messages['post'] or $messages['page'], and change only the messages that you wish to change. Example for a post type named news:

add_filter( 'post_updated_messages', 'my_news_updated_messages' );
function my_news_updated_messages( $messages ) {
    $messages['news'] = $messages['post']; // copy the entire messages for 'post'

    $messages['news'][6] = 'Post published.';

    return $messages;
}

And for WordPress v6.0.1, you can see the default messages here.