Replace a part of url generated by get_term_link

Yes, there is a hook “term_link” which you can use for this purpose.
Here you can find documentation.
https://codex.wordpress.org/Plugin_API/Filter_Reference/term_link

so the solution will be like this

add_filter('term_link', 'term_link_filter', 10, 3);
function term_link_filter( $url, $term, $taxonomy ) {

  $url= str_replace('listing-category/', 'jobs/?fwp_cate=", $url);
  $url= rtrim($url, "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/");

    return $url . "#results";

}