You need to tell WordPress about the centre aligned HTML or style you wish to use.
I would do this:
$content = preg_replace( "/<\/p>/", "</p><div style="margin:auto;textalign:center;">" . get_the_post_thumbnail($post->ID, 'post-single') . "</div>", $content, 1 );
or better yet:
$content = preg_replace( "/<\/p>/", "</p><div class="center">" . get_the_post_thumbnail($post->ID, 'post-single') . "</div>", $content, 1 );
You would need to make sure the class exists in your CSS or add one to do the centering.