It’s not possible. paginate_links() is hard-coded to stop producing output as soon as it notices that there’ll be less than 2 pages. You can see this on lines 4130–4132 of the function’s source code here: https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/functions/paginate_links/#source
The only workaround would be to copy the code of paginate_links() into your own new function and change the 2 to 1 on what is line 4130 for the existing function.