useSelect in event callback – not retrieving value on time

In the documentation you posted it says:

Don’t use useSelect this way when calling the selectors in the render
function because your component won’t re-render on a data change.

import { useSelect } from '@wordpress/data';
 
function Paste( { children } ) {
    const { getSettings } = useSelect( 'my-shop' );
    function onPaste() {
        // Do something with the settings.
        const settings = getSettings();
    }
    return <div onPaste={ onPaste }>{ children }</div>;
}

Which is basically how you used and that is why your component is re-rendering when there is a change.

You can use react hooks (useState, useEffect)to resolve this issue. See the code below. I have commented the code to explain the changes. (code is not tested)

import { useBlockProps, URLInput } from '@wordpress/block-editor';
import SingleImage from '../../components/singleImage.jsx';
import { useSelect } from '@wordpress/data';
const { useState, useEffect } = wp.element;
import './editor.scss';

export default function Edit({ attributes, setAttributes }) {
    // Prepare state
    const [post, setPost] = useState();

    // useSelect with a callback, notice the third paramter
    const record = useSelect(
        (select) => {
            return select('core').getEntityRecords(
                'postType',
                'virtualne-izlozbe',
                post.id
            );
        },
        // This is a dependency array, everytime the state of
        // "post" changes, useSelect callback will be called.
        [post]
    );

    // Perfom actions on state change
    useEffect(() => {
        // record value change, do someting
        if (record) {
            console.log(record.featured_media);
        } else {
            console.log('empty');
        }
        // Dependency array, every time record changes the useEffect callback
        // will be called
    }, [record]);

    const urlInputSetter = (url, urlPost) => {
        if (urlPost && !attributes.imgID) {
            if (urlPost.type === 'virtualne-izlozbe') {
                // Change state so the useSelect callback will be triggered
                setPost(urlPost);
            }
        }
        setAttributes({ link: url, postTitle: post && post.title });
    };

    return (
        <div {...useBlockProps()}>
            <URLInput
                value={attributes.link}
                onChange={urlInputSetter}
                label="Link na objavu"
                className="post-link"
            />
            {attributes.postTitle && (
                <div className="post-title">
                    Slika vodi na objavu {attributes.postTitle}
                </div>
            )}
            <SingleImage
                imgID={attributes.imgID}
                imgURL={attributes.imgURL}
                alt="Slika koja vodi na objavu"
                setImgIdAndUrl={(imgID, imgURL) =>
                    setAttributes({ imgID, imgURL })
                }
                title="Izaberi sliku"
                help="Slika koja vodi na objavu"
            />
        </div>
    );
}