For anyone stumbling across this now, I might have the solution.
If you’ve tried the above steps provided by OP, instead of matching the database functions lower the db_version value in the wp_options by 1. In case your $wp_db_version in your version.php is 45805 (as was the case for me), try setting your db_version value in the wp_options table to 45804.
Doing so will set your WordPress to prompt you to update the database once again when you visit the /wp-login or /wp-admin screen. This, again in my case, solved the problem.