tax_query
takes an array of arrays. Try this:
$myposts = new WP_Query(array(
'tax_query' => array(
array(
'taxonomy' => 'post_format',
'field' => 'slug',
'terms' => array('post-format-quote'),
'operator' => 'NOT IN'
)
),
'posts_per_page' => 3
)
);
Further reading: http://ottopress.com/2010/wordpress-3-1-advanced-taxonomy-queries/