I was unable to create a WP_Query – I believe it is not possible to solve this using a regular WP_Query – but managed to create an SQL statement that does exactly what I want:
SELECT wp_posts.*
FROM wp_posts
INNER JOIN wp_postmeta ON (wp_posts.ID = wp_postmeta.post_id)
INNER JOIN wp_postmeta AS mt1 ON (wp_posts.ID = mt1.post_id)
WHERE 1=1
AND wp_posts.post_type="pass"
AND (wp_posts.post_status="publish")
AND (
wp_postmeta.meta_key = 'start_time'
AND (
(
mt1.meta_key = 'event'
AND CAST(mt1.meta_value AS CHAR) = '10011'
)
OR (
mt1.meta_key = 'meeting_type'
AND CAST(mt1.meta_value AS CHAR) != 'other'
)
)
)
GROUP BY wp_posts.ID
ORDER BY wp_postmeta.meta_value ASC