How to display liked posts of current user in wordpress?

Try the below $args instead, the one you have right now is looking for liked_by_user_id > than the current user id.

$args = array(
    'post_type'  => 'post', 
    'posts_per_page' => -1,
    'orderby' => 'date',
    'meta_query' => array(
        array(
            'key' => 'liked_by_user_id',
            'value' => get_current_user_id()
        )
    ),
);

The above $args should return all posts by liked by currently logged in user.