pass-protected pages and posts not protected after enter them 1 time

Yes it seems that the post_password_expires filter is what you are looking for. According to the documentation you just need to add

function wpse166590_cockie_timeout($timeout) {
   return time() + 5 * 60; // 5 minute in seconds
}

add_filter('post_password_expires','wpse166590_cockie_timeout');