Try this
<div class="row">
<?php
$args = array(
'post_type' => 'post',
'posts_per_page' => 3
);
$counter = 0;
$_posts = new WP_Query($args);
?>
<?php if( $_posts->have_posts() ) : ?>
<?php while ( $_posts->have_posts() ) : $_posts->the_post(); $counter++ ?>
<?php if ( $counter === 0 || $counter === 1) : ?>
<div class="col-md-6 float-left">
<div>
<a href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/351718/<?php the_permalink(); ?>" class="mb-4 d-block"><?php if ( has_post_thumbnail() ) { // check if the post has a Post Thumbnail assigned to it.
the_post_thumbnail( 'full' );
}
?></a>
<h2><a href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/351718/<?php the_permalink(); ?>"><?php the_title(); ?></a></h2>
<?php the_excerpt(); ?>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 float-right">
<?php else : ?>
<div class="post-entry mb-4">
<h2><a href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/351718/<?php the_permalink(); ?>"><?php the_title(); ?></a></h2>
<p class="text-muted mb-3 text-uppercase small"><span><?php the_time('F jS, Y'); ?></span> by <a href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/351718/<?php the_permalink(); ?>" class="by"><?php the_author( ', ' ); ?></a></p>
</div>
<?php endif; ?>
<?php endwhile; ?>
<?php endif; wp_reset_postdata(); ?>
</div>
</div>
</div>