As documented, the preview_post_link
passes the post object as the second parameter. You can use this to get any fields that you might want:
add_filter(
'preview_post_link',
function( $preview_link, $post ) {
$custom_field = get_field( 'custom_field_name', $post );
return $preview_link;
},
10,
2 // MUST be 2 to get the $post parameter.
);