You can add that featured image metabox you’ve circled to your custom post type by doing:
register_post_type( 'yourCPTslug', [
//...
'supports' => ['title', 'editor', 'thumbnail'] // note: thumbnail
] );
add_action( 'after_setup_theme', function () {
add_theme_support( 'post-thumbnails' , ['yourCPTslug'] );
});
As for a single function calling it in a position where you want it – I’m fairly certain no.