Check if is post type archive and in category

You would just need to add your else if checks as needed. Category archives can be detected using is_tax( $taxonomy, $term ) or more specifically is_category( $term_id|$term_name ).

// ADD ARCHIVE LAYOUT FOR POSITION VIDEOS POST TYPE
function custom_filter_positionvids_layout( $layout_id ) {
    if ( is_post_type_archive( 'position_video' ) ) {
        return '58bef4ba370de';
    }

    if ( is_category( 'blog' ) ) {
        return '12345';
    }

    if ( is_category( 5 ) ) {
        return '54321';
    }

    return $layout_id;
}
add_filter( 'builder_filter_current_layout', 'custom_filter_positionvids_layout' );