Creating an array with gettexed terms

To adapt the second part of your code to work with the first part, where you are using wp_dropdown_categories to generate the dropdown list, you can use the get_terms function to retrieve all terms of the tipologia taxonomy and then iterate over them to create your $names_trans array.

In the wp_dropdown_categories call, you pass the $names_trans array to a custom walker class Custom_Taxonomy_Dropdown_Walker (you will need to define this walker class) which will use the translations for rendering the dropdown options.

// Retrieve all terms for 'tipologia' taxonomy
$tipologia_terms = get_terms(array(
    'taxonomy' => 'tipologia',
    'hide_empty' => false, // Include empty terms as well
));

// Initialize an empty array to store term translations
$names_trans = array();

// Iterate over each term and add its translation to the array
foreach ($tipologia_terms as $term) {
    $names_trans[$term->term_id] = __($term->name, 'sacconicase');
}

// Now you have your $names_trans array with translations of tipologia terms

// Now in your wp_dropdown_categories call, you can use the $names_trans array to translate the terms
$taxonomy = wp_dropdown_categories([
    'hierarchical' => false,
    'name' => 'tipologia',
    'taxonomy' => 'tipologia',
    'selected' => $select,
    'show_option_all' => esc_html__('Typology', 'sacconicase'),
    'value_field' => 'slug',
    'echo' => false,
    'show_option_none' => __('Select a typology', 'sacconicase'), // Option to display if no terms are found
    'option_none_value' => '', // Value to be sent if the "Select a typology" option is selected
    'orderby' => 'name', // Order terms alphabetically by name
    'order' => 'ASC', // Order in ascending order
    'walker' => new Custom_Taxonomy_Dropdown_Walker($names_trans), // Pass $names_trans to custom walker
]);