Let’s check both hooks.
The woocommerce_thankyou hook is added on line 80 of thankyou.php file.
The hook is getting $order->get_id() as an argument. So, you have access to the order ID in when you hook to woocommerce_thankyou in your first example.
But the wp_head action which is loading from wp_head() function doesn’t have any argument. So, in the second snippet, you don’t have any $order_id variable.
If you want to get order in head section, you may need to use WooCommerce functions to get the order and then print it as javascript in head.
Example:
function tracking_in_head() {
// Get needed data here.
$all_orders = wc_get_orders();
// Check https://docs.woocommerce.com/wc-apidocs/source-function-wc_get_order.html to see WC order functions.
?>
<script>
console.log( 'order_id: <?php echo $order_id; ?>' );
</script>
<?php
}
add_action( 'wp_head', 'tracking_in_head' );