get_template_part()
will work the same no matter where or how deep you are within your theme. It always includes relative to the theme (or child theme) root.
So if you call the following from anywhere:
get_template_part( 'content', 'job-listing' );
… it will try to load (in order):
child-theme/content-job-listing.php
parent-theme/content-job-listing.php
child-theme/content.php
parent-theme/content.php
To load parts that are in a subdirectory of your theme, just use the path in the first argument:
get_template_part( 'path/to/file', 'optional-slug' );