Getting post attchment URL to populate a CPT Admin Page Column

The File field’s documentation has some options you can try, but here’s an example if your field’s Return Value is array, where you can use $gradingForm['url'] to get the attachment URL:

$gradingForm = get_field( 'grading_form', $post_id );
echo $gradingForm ? '<a href="' . esc_url( $gradingForm['url'] ) . '">Grading Form</a>' : 'N/A';

And the proper way to use wp_get_attachment_url() is by passing the attachment (post) ID as the only parameter like this: wp_get_attachment_url( 123 ).

And in your case, here’s an example without using get_field():

$att_id = get_post_meta( $post_id, 'grading_form', true );
$gradingForm_url = wp_get_attachment_url( $att_id );