How can I collect and output all attributes of all executed ShortCodes?

Used shorcodes can be retrived only if they are added in post content (or any content saved in db). They can not be retrived if hardcoded in template files (TBH, they can, but that’s not the issue here). This code can help you to get the shortcodes used in a post content.

function wpse387291_get_shortcodes() {
    global $post;
    
    $pattern = get_shortcode_regex();
    
    if (   preg_match_all( "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/". $pattern .'/s', $post->post_content, $matches ) {
        //$matches will hold the shortcodes if any
        echo '<pre>' . print_r( $matches, true ) . '</pre>';
    }
}
add_action( 'wp', 'wpse387291_get_shortcodes' );

You can use any hook that runs after wp.