The terms
parameter will only accept custom post types and, like you mentioned, post-format-standard
is not one.
Try instead to use the ‘NOT IN’ operator to test against the custom posts you don’t want to display (all in this case):
$query = array(
'showposts' => 5,
'post_type' => 'post',
'tax_query' => array(
'relation' => 'OR', // You likely don't need this
array(
'taxonomy' => 'post_format',
'field' => 'slug',
'terms' => array( 'post-format-video', 'post-format-image', 'post-format-link', 'post-format-aside', 'post-format-quote', 'post-format-chat', 'post-format-video', 'post-format-chat', 'post-format-audio' ),
'operator' => 'NOT IN'
),
),
);
The thinking here is that it won’t display anything but standard posts.
Reference Taxonomy_Parameters