How to display a table below each product in product list/loop

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The shop archive or in general any product-loop that passes through:

woocommerce/templates/archive-product.php

…or utilizes similar logic found in that template, by calling:

wc_get_template_part( 'content', 'product' );

which retrieves the following template:

woocommerce/templates/content-product.php

…will then make available the following actions:

Excerpt from: woocommerce/templates/content-product.php (version 3.6.0 at the time of this answer)

    /**
     * Hook: woocommerce_before_shop_loop_item.
     *
     * @hooked woocommerce_template_loop_product_link_open - 10
     */
    do_action( 'woocommerce_before_shop_loop_item' );

    /**
     * Hook: woocommerce_before_shop_loop_item_title.
     *
     * @hooked woocommerce_show_product_loop_sale_flash - 10
     * @hooked woocommerce_template_loop_product_thumbnail - 10
     */
    do_action( 'woocommerce_before_shop_loop_item_title' );

    /**
     * Hook: woocommerce_shop_loop_item_title.
     *
     * @hooked woocommerce_template_loop_product_title - 10
     */
    do_action( 'woocommerce_shop_loop_item_title' );

    /**
     * Hook: woocommerce_after_shop_loop_item_title.
     *
     * @hooked woocommerce_template_loop_rating - 5
     * @hooked woocommerce_template_loop_price - 10
     */
    do_action( 'woocommerce_after_shop_loop_item_title' );

    /**
     * Hook: woocommerce_after_shop_loop_item.
     *
     * @hooked woocommerce_template_loop_product_link_close - 5
     * @hooked woocommerce_template_loop_add_to_cart - 10
     */
    do_action( 'woocommerce_after_shop_loop_item' );

The hook you probably want is:

do_action( 'woocommerce_after_shop_loop_item' );

Therefore add the following to your theme functions.php file or wherever your business logic is:

function wpse_360157_after_shop_loop_item() {

  // add your logic here to print after the add-to-cart button, example:

  // echo '<table>...</table>';

  // OR...

  // include_once( 'path/to/product-loop-table.php' );

  // OR...

  // get_template_part( 'product-loop-table.php' );

  // Etc..

}

add_action( 'woocommerce_after_shop_loop_item' 'wpse_360157_after_shop_loop_item' );

Useful reading: