How to enable comments for pending and draft posts?

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The following enables the default meta box for draft and pending posts (in the portfolio post_type):

add_action( 'admin_init', 'wpse_74018_enable_draft_comments' );

/**
 * Add Comments Meta Box if CPT is 'draft' or 'pending'
 */
function wpse_74018_enable_draft_comments()
{
    if( isset( $_GET['post'] ) ) 
    {
        $post_id = absint( $_GET['post'] ); 
        $post = get_post( $post_id ); 
        if ( 'draft' == $post->post_status || 'pending' == $post->post_status )
            add_meta_box(
                'commentsdiv', 
                __('Comments'), 
                'post_comment_meta_box', 
                'portfolio', // CHANGE FOR YOUR CPT
                'normal', 
                'core'
            );
    }
}

But, we cannot comment…
error commenting in draft post

The error is produced in /wp-admin/includes/ajax-actions.php, line 736:

To correct this, the Ajax call must be intercepted with:

add_action( 'admin_init', 'wpse_74018_enable_custom_ajax_comments' );

function wpse_74018_enable_custom_ajax_comments()
{
    add_action( 'wp_ajax_replyto-comment', 'wpse_74018_custom_callback', 0 );
}

/**
 * Copy of wp_ajax_replyto_comment()
 * /wp-admin/includes/ajax-actions.php
 *
 * Adjust the CPT that defines $diff_status   
 */
function wpse_74018_custom_callback( $action ) {
    global $wp_list_table, $wpdb;
    if ( empty( $action ) )
        $action = 'replyto-comment';

    check_ajax_referer( $action, '_ajax_nonce-replyto-comment' );

    set_current_screen( 'edit-comments' );

    $comment_post_ID = (int) $_POST['comment_post_ID'];
    if ( !current_user_can( 'edit_post', $comment_post_ID ) )
        wp_die( -1 );

    $status = $wpdb->get_var( $wpdb->prepare("SELECT post_status FROM $wpdb->posts WHERE ID = %d", $comment_post_ID) );

    if( 'portfolio' == get_post_type( $comment_post_ID ) )
        $diff_status = array('trash');
    else
        $diff_status = array('draft','pending','trash');
    
    if ( empty($status) )
        wp_die( 1 );
    elseif ( in_array($status, $diff_status ) )
        wp_die( __('ERROR: you are replying to a comment on a draft post.') );

    $user = wp_get_current_user();
    if ( $user->exists() ) {
        $user_ID = $user->ID;
        $comment_author       = $wpdb->escape($user->display_name);
        $comment_author_email = $wpdb->escape($user->user_email);
        $comment_author_url   = $wpdb->escape($user->user_url);
        $comment_content      = trim($_POST['content']);
        if ( current_user_can( 'unfiltered_html' ) ) {
            if ( wp_create_nonce( 'unfiltered-html-comment' ) != $_POST['_wp_unfiltered_html_comment'] ) {
                kses_remove_filters(); // start with a clean slate
                kses_init_filters(); // set up the filters
            }
        }
    } else {
        wp_die( __( 'Sorry, you must be logged in to reply to a comment.' ) );
    }

    if ( '' == $comment_content )
        wp_die( __( 'ERROR: please type a comment.' ) );

    $comment_parent = absint($_POST['comment_ID']);
    $comment_auto_approved = false;
    $commentdata = compact('comment_post_ID', 'comment_author', 'comment_author_email', 'comment_author_url', 'comment_content', 'comment_type', 'comment_parent', 'user_ID');

    $comment_id = wp_new_comment( $commentdata );
    $comment = get_comment($comment_id);
    if ( ! $comment ) wp_die( 1 );

    $position = ( isset($_POST['position']) && (int) $_POST['position'] ) ? (int) $_POST['position'] : '-1';

    // automatically approve parent comment
    if ( !empty($_POST['approve_parent']) ) {
        $parent = get_comment( $comment_parent );

        if ( $parent && $parent->comment_approved === '0' && $parent->comment_post_ID == $comment_post_ID ) {
            if ( wp_set_comment_status( $parent->comment_ID, 'approve' ) )
                $comment_auto_approved = true;
        }
    }

    ob_start();
        if ( 'dashboard' == $_REQUEST['mode'] ) {
            require_once( ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/dashboard.php' );
            _wp_dashboard_recent_comments_row( $comment );
        } else {
            if ( 'single' == $_REQUEST['mode'] ) {
                $wp_list_table = _get_list_table('WP_Post_Comments_List_Table');
            } else {
                $wp_list_table = _get_list_table('WP_Comments_List_Table');
            }
            $wp_list_table->single_row( $comment );
        }
        $comment_list_item = ob_get_contents();
    ob_end_clean();

    $response =  array(
        'what' => 'comment',
        'id' => $comment->comment_ID,
        'data' => $comment_list_item,
        'position' => $position
    );

    if ( $comment_auto_approved )
        $response['supplemental'] = array( 'parent_approved' => $parent->comment_ID );

    $x = new WP_Ajax_Response();
    $x->add( $response );
    $x->send();
}

Alternatives

Editorially, I understand that the comments system and interface would be much better. An alternative is to create a custom meta box with repeatable fields, where messages can be left within the post.

Basic implementation:

Plugins of interest:

Further developments

I went ahead and made a plugin with more features.
Kudos @toscho, that pointed an entry point in the Ajax query.

Private Comments for CPT
Enables internal comments for a given Custom Post Type when Editing Draft or Pending posts. The comments are only visible in the backend. And marked as internal in the dashboard.

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