Yes, there is. You can use url_to_postid
function:
$postid = url_to_postid( $url );
It will give you ID of a post based on URL.
So if you want to get edit link, then this will do exactly that:
$postid = url_to_postid( $url );
if ( $postid ) {
echo get_edit_post_link( $postid );
}