How to get post detail based on URL of the post

I agree with WebElaine’s comment, that storing IDs would be far more reliable, since URLs can so easily change.

That said, if you have a URL like so:

http://domain.com/2018/01/this-is-my-post/

You can use something like this to obtain the post name:

$url="http://domain.com/2018/05/this-is-my-post/";
$components = parse_url($url);
preg_match('`^/\d*/\d*/(.*)/$`', $components['path'], $matches);
echo $matches[1];

Using the post name in $matches[1] you can use get_page_by_path to obtain the post object.

$post = get_page_by_path($matches[1]);

From there you can retrieve any value with its ID using $post->ID.